Response of aphid predators to synthetic herbivore induced plant volatiles in an apple orchard.

The indirect defence compounds termed herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which are used to attract beneficial fauna, are one of the most effective biological control tools for the aggregation of natural enemies of key pests. The aim of this study was to test the attraction of three aphid predators of the Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Syrphidae families using synthetic formulations of four main HIPVs [methyl salicylate (MeSa), benzaldehyde (B), linalool (L) and farnesene (F)] alone and in binary combinations (MeSa + B; MeSa + F; MeSa + L; F + B; B + L; F + L) in an apple orchard in the Bursa province of Turkey. This study was the first demonstration of the attraction of these aphid predators to single and binary combinations of synthetic HIPVs in an apple orchard. A larger number of coccinellids were captured using single treatments of both B and F than with other HIPV combinations. Furthermore, the chrysopid individuals studied were significantly attracted to traps baited with single HIPVs. In addition, the binary combination of MeSa + L significantly attracted more Syrphids than in both single treatments and control traps. Thus, some of the HIPV’s tested were found to have potential value for the congregation of aphid predators in apple orchard

The adult population fluctuations and damage levels of a new fruit pest Adoxophyes orana in different host plants in Turkey

Bu çalışma, 2009-2010 yıllarında Bursa İli İnegöl ilçesine bağlı Deydinler köyünde armut, kiraz, şeftali ve elma bahçelerinde yapılmıştır. Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)' nın nın ergin popülasyonunun izlenmesinde delta tipi feromon tuzaklar kullanılmıştır. Tuzaklarda yakalanan ergin sayıları haftalık olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda, Türkiye' de ilk olarak Bursa'nın Gürsu ilçesinde 2005 yılında armut ve şeftali bahçelerinde tespit edilen A. orana, kiraz ve elma bahçelerinde de Türkiye' de ilk defa yakalanmış, 2 yıl boyunca popülasyon dalgalanması izlenmiş ve bu bahçelerde meyve ve yapraktaki zarar oranı belirlenmiştir. A. orana erginleri, 2009 ve 2010 yıllarında sırasıyla şeftali ve elma bahçelerinde 13 Mayıs (350,4 günderece) ve 3 Mayıs (356,8 günderece)' ta ve armut ve kiraz bahçelerinde ise 20 Mayıs (442,5 günderece) ve 3 Mayıs (356,8 günderece)' ta uçuşa başlamış ve 2009 yılında Eylül başı, 2010 yılında Eylül sonlarına kadar uçuşu devam etmiştir. Her iki yılda en fazla yakalanma şeftali bahçelerinde olmuş, şeftaliyi armut ve kiraz bahçeleri izlemiş, en az yakalanma ise elma bahçelerinde olmuştur. A. orana erginleri çalışma yapılan tüm meyve bahçelerinde 3 uçuş yapmış ve 2 tam döl ile 1 kısmı döl vermiştir.Çalışma yapılan ilaçlanmış bahçelerde larvaların zarar oranın belirlenmesi amacıyla yapraklar ve meyveler incelenmiştir. Meyvedeki zarar oranını belirlemek için, iki yılda Temmuz ve Eylül aylarında yapılan incelemeler sonucunda zarar şeftalide %1,35, armutta %0,75 olmuş, ancak muhtemelen ilaçlamalar nedeniyle elma ve kirazda herhangi bir zarar gözlenmemiştir. Yapraktaki zarar oranını belirlemek için Temmuz ayında yapılan incelemeler sonucunda zarar oranı 2009 yılında kirazda %7,4, şeftalide %4,4, armutta %2,8 ve elmada %2,4, 2010 yılında kirazda %11,2, şeftalide %7,8, armutta %4,8 ve elmada %6,6 olmuştur. Özellikle şeftali bahçelerinde yapılan yoğun ilaçlamalara rağmen A. orana' nın ekonomik zarar verebileceği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca armut meyvesinde de zarar potansiyeli oldukça yüksektir.This study was carried out in pear, cherry, peach and apple orchards in Deydinler village of Inegol town, Bursa, Turkey during 2009-2010. The delta type pheromone traps were used to monitor adult population fluctuations of Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The number of adults caught in traps was evaluated on a weekly basis. According to the results of this study, A. orana, which was firstly recorded in pear and peach orchards in Gürsu town of Bursa, in Turkey 2005, was recorded in apple and cherry orchards for the first time in Turkey, its population fluctuations in different fruit orchards were monitored and damage levels in leaves and fruits were determined. The flight activity of A. orana adults began on May 13th (350,4 degree-day) and May 3th (356,8 degree-day) in peach and apple orchards and on May 20th (442,5 degree-day) and May 3th (356,8 degree-day) in pear and cherry orchards in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The flight period continued until the beginning of September in 2009, and until the end of September in 2010. The highest number of A. orana was caught in peach orchards followed by pear and cherry orchards, and fewest adults were captured in apple orchards in both years. In all fruit orchards, A. orana had 3 flight peaks corresponding to 2 full, and 1 partial generation.In insecticide-treated fruit orchards used in this study, leaves and fruits were examined to determine the damage levels by larvae. The percentage of fruit damage was evaluated in July and September. The fruit damage levels were determined as %1,35 in peach, and %0,75 in pear but no damage was detected in apple and cherry orchards, probably due to insecticide treatments. The percentage of damage in leaves was examined in July. The leaf damage levels were %7,4 in cherry, %4,4 in peach, %2,8 in pear and %2,4 in apple in 2009, while the damge levels were %11,2 in cherry, %7,8 in peach, %6,6 in apple, and %4,8 in pear in 2010. Despite heavy insecticide treatments, A. orana was found to cause economic damage in peach orchards. In addition, the economic damage potential of A. orana larvae to pear fruits is very likely

Respuesta de áfidos depredadores a compuestos volátiles sintéticos en un huerto de manzana

The indirect defence compounds termed herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which are used to attract beneficial fauna, are one of the most effective biological control tools for the aggregation of natural enemies of key pests. The aim of this study was to test the attraction of three aphid predators of the Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Syrphidae families using synthetic formulations of four main HIPVs [methyl salicylate (MeSa), benzaldehyde (B), linalool (L) and farnesene (F)] alone and in binary combinations (MeSa + B; MeSa + F; MeSa + L; F + B; B + L; F + L) in an apple orchard in the Bursa province of Turkey. This study was the first demonstration of the attraction of these aphid predators to single and binary combinations of synthetic HIPVs in an apple orchard. A larger number of coccinellids were captured using single treatments of both B and F than with other HIPV combinations. Furthermore, the chrysopid individuals studied were significantly attracted to traps baited with single HIPVs. In addition, the binary combination of MeSa + L significantly attracted more Syrphids than in both single treatments and control traps. Thus, some of the HIPV’s tested were found to have potential value for the congregation of aphid predators in apple orchards.Los compuestos de defensa indirectos, denominados compuestos volátiles de plantas inducidos por herbívoros (HIPV por su sigla en inglés), al atraer fauna benéfica, son una de las herramientas de control biológico efectivas para la agregación de enemigos naturales de plagas claves. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la atracción de formulaciones sintéticas de cuatro HIPV principales: [salicilato de metilo (MeSa), benzaldehído (B), linalool (L) y farneseno (F)], solos y en combinaciones binarias (MeSa + B; MeSa + F; MeSa + L; F + B; B + L; F + L) a tres depredadores de áfidos de las familias Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae y Syrphidae en una plantación de manzanas de la provincia Bursa, en Turquía. Este estudio representa la primera evidencia de la atracción que ejercen combinaciones únicas y binarias de HIPV sintéticas a depredadores de áfidos en un manzanar. Relativamente, un mayor número de coccinélidos fue capturado por los tratamientos individuales de B y F en comparación con otras combinaciones de HIPV. Los individuos de crisópidos fueron más atraídos significativamente a las trampas cebadas con estos HIPV sólos. Además, la combinación binaria de MeSa + L atrajo significativamente más sírfidos que sus tratamientos únicos y trampas de control. Por lo tanto, se encontró que algunos de los HIPV evaluados tenían un valor potencial en la atracción de depredadores de áfidos en los manzanos